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#1. The Proto-historic Era is defined as the _________ period between the prehistoric and fully historic eras.
The text explicitly defines the Proto-historic Era as the “Transition between prehistoric and historic eras.” It is a bridge period, not the beginning or the end of a major age.
#2. A key distinguishing feature that marks the beginning of the Proto-historic era is the appearance of burnt pots and more _________ burials.
The source text lists the “Distinguishing Features” from the prehistoric era as “Burnt pots usage” and “Methodical burials.” This indicates a shift towards more structured and deliberate funerary practices.
#3. The most significant technological development of the Proto-historic era was the introduction and use of _________, which slowly replaced stone tools.
The text clearly states a “New Development” of this era was that “Iron use begins, replacing stone tools slowly.” This technological shift is so important that the period is also called the Proto-historic Iron Age.
#4. The shift towards permanent settlements during the Proto-historic era was closely linked to the beginning of _________.
The text connects two major developments: “Permanent settlements start developing” and “Agriculture begins.” The ability to grow food in one place negated the need for a nomadic lifestyle.
#5. The text suggests that the cultural changes leading to the Proto-historic era were not sudden, but were influenced by gradual geographical and _________ changes.
The source text identifies “Geographical changes” and “Climatic change (7000-4500 BC)” as the “Driving Forces” behind the cultural shift. This environmental change created conditions suitable for agriculture.
#6. The earliest evidence for the Proto-historic cultural transition in Sri Lanka, found in Sabaragamuwa and Uva provinces, dates back to around _________.
The text provides a specific date for the start of this period: “Earliest Evidence: 2400 BC in Sri Lanka.” This pushes the beginnings of this transition further back in time than previously thought.
#7. A major source for understanding the culture of the Proto-historic era is the study of _________ burials, such as those found at Ibbankatuwa and Galsohonkanaththa.
The source text states that “Megalithic Burials” are a “Major source for culture understanding.” These are burials marked by large stones, a hallmark of this period in many parts of the world.
#8. Burials where human remains were placed in pots inside stone-lined chambers, like those at Ibbankatuwa, are specifically known as _________ Burials.
The text defines a specific burial type: “Cist Burials: – Human remains in pots inside stone structures.” It then gives Ibbankatuwa as a key example of this practice.
#9. At sites like Beragala and Haldummulla, a unique burial method was discovered where cremated remains were placed in clay tubs that were shaped like a _________.
The text describes a distinct burial practice: “Beragala & Haldummulla: Clay pots in boat-shaped tubs of raw clay.” This unique shape likely had significant symbolic or religious meaning.
#10. The discovery of the remnants of a house at _________ in 2009 provided crucial evidence for permanent settlements in this era.
The text highlights this specific discovery: “Udaranchamadama House (Rathnapura): – Discovered in 2009.” This find is important because it is a residential site, unlike the more common burial sites.
#11. The walls of the Udaranchamadama house were constructed using the _________ technique, with a thatched roof made from a material like ‘Iluk’ grass.
The text provides details of the house’s construction: “Construction: – Wattle and daub walls.” This is a common ancient building method involving a woven lattice of wooden strips (wattle) daubed with a sticky material like mud or clay.
#12. The discovery of painted pottery at Udaranchamadama, featuring red lines on a white background, suggests the use of a _________ in its manufacturing.
The text describes the “symmetrically painted” lines on the pottery and concludes that a “Potter’s wheel likely used.” A potter’s wheel allows for the creation of such symmetrical shapes and smooth finishes.
#13. Analysis of the tools found at Udaranchamadama shows that people used both stone tools and _________ tools, indicating a transitional period in technology.
The source text notes the “Kitchen tools” found included “Stone tools (still in use)” and “Iron tools (new technology).” This mix of old and new is a key characteristic of a transitional era.
#14. The discovery of animal bones from deer, cattle, and wild boar at Proto-historic sites shows that _________ continued to be a food source alongside agriculture.
The text states, “Animal bones evidence hunting… Hunting continues alongside agriculture.” This shows that the shift to farming was gradual, and older subsistence strategies were not abandoned immediately.
#15. Personal items found at Udaranchamadama, such as clay beads and an iron kohl stick, indicate an interest in _________.
The text lists these items (“Clay beads,” “Iron kohl stick (eye makeup)”) and concludes this “Indicates interest in beautification.” These are items of personal adornment, not tools for subsistence or warfare.
#16. The introduction of iron technology was a major transformation because it increased _________ in daily tasks like clearing jungles and ploughing.
The text highlights the impact of the new metal: “Increased Efficiency: for daily tasks.” Iron tools were much stronger and more effective than stone tools, making essential agricultural tasks easier.
#17. The house building technology of the era showed advancements such as setting a foundation to prevent sinking and ensuring the walls were _________.
The text describes improvements in construction techniques, including “Foundation setting” and “Levelled walls.” This indicates a growing sophistication in creating stable and well-constructed permanent dwellings.
#18. The discovery of a skilfully made _________ at Udaranchamadama is cited as evidence for the development of new, specialized technologies during this period.
The text specifically mentions the “Clay bead discovered at Udaranchamadama” and notes the “Skillful technology needed for bead making.” This small artifact represents a significant level of craftsmanship.
#19. Ibbankatuwa, Galsohonkanaththa, and Yatigalpoththa are all important Proto-historic _________ sites dated to the period between 750-450 BC.
The text lists these three locations as examples of “Cist Burials,” which are a type of burial site. While they are also ceremonial, their primary function identified in the text is funerary.
#20. A key change that defines the shift to the Proto-historic era is the move from a nomadic, hunting-based lifestyle to one based on _________.
The text states the “Key Change” of this era was the “Shift from hunting to permanent settlements (sedentism).” This fundamental change in how people lived is a defining characteristic of this period.
