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#1. While historical sources mention early settlements, a definite understanding of their location and details is primarily provided by _________ sources.
Explanation: The text explicitly states that while historical sources offer mentions, it is the “Archaeological Sources” that “Provide definite understanding of settlement expansion & details.” Literary sources are insufficient on their own, and oral or foreign sources are not highlighted as the primary means for this specific purpose.
#2. The Early Historical Period in Sri Lanka, which saw the expansion of village settlements, is dated from approximately _________.
Explanation: The source text gives a precise timeframe for this period: “Early Historical Period – Timeframe: 450 BC to 300 AD.” The other options represent different historical eras that are either too early or too late.
#3. The most significant indicator of settlement expansion during the Early Historical Period is the proliferation of ruins of _________.
Explanation: The text identifies the “Key Indicator of Settlement” as “Small Village Tanks,” noting that “Expansion indicates settlement locations.” While monasteries and cities existed, the widespread village tanks are the primary evidence for rural settlement patterns.
#4. Early historical settlements were characteristically located in close proximity to a tank, often at one end of the _________.
Explanation: The text specifies the exact location: “Settlements primarily near tanks – Located at one end of the tank bund, adjacent to it.” The tank bund (embankment) was the key structural feature of the tank, making it the logical place for a settlement.
#5. The expansion of early settlements was heavily influenced by geophysical factors such as rainfall, soil fertility, and the availability of _________.
Explanation: The text lists “Natural Resources: Availability of materials” as a key element of the “Geophysical Background” that influenced settlement. While labor and laws were part of society, the availability of basic resources was a primary geographical factor.
#6. The Dry Zone was favored for early agriculture due to its annual rainfall of 1000-1250 mm and its fertile _________ soil.
Explanation: The text explicitly mentions that the Dry Zone’s “Fertile soil (red-brown soil) favored agriculture.” This specific soil type is noted for being suitable for the crops grown at the time.
#7. To supplement monsoon rains, early settlers eventually utilized river water during dry seasons by constructing canals and _________ across rivers.
Explanation: The text states that using river water required the “Construction across rivers” of “Anicuts” and “Canals: To transport water.” An anicut is a small dam or weir used to divert water, making it the correct term.
#8. Initial settlements during this period were established outside river valleys primarily due to a lack of _________.
Explanation: The source text clearly states the “Reason: Lack of flood control technology” for why “Initial settlements avoided” river valleys. The risk of flooding was too great before the development of anicuts.
#9. King Ilanaga (33-43 AD) is credited with constructing the Tissamaharama tank, which was fed by an anicut built across the _________.
Explanation: The text provides a specific historical example: “King Ilanaga (33-43 AD): Constructed Tissamaharama tank – Anicut built across Kirindi River.” This directly links the king, the tank, and the specific river.
#10. The existence and use of anicuts in the Early Historical Period is confirmed by Brahmi inscriptions which use the word ‘Avarana’ or _________.
Explanation: The text cites direct epigraphic evidence: “Brahmi inscriptions: Word ‘Avarana’,’Amuna’ (Anicut) found.” ‘Vapi’ means tank, ‘Gama’ means village, and ‘Pura’ means city, making ‘Amuna’ the correct term for anicut.
#11. The literary term for a village that is centered around a small, rainwater-fed tank is _________.
Explanation: The text defines this specific term: “‘Vapigama’: Literary term for villages around tanks.” The other options are specialized villages for farmers (Kasikaragama), herdsmen (Gopalagama), or port towns (Pattanagama).
#12. According to chronicles and inscriptions, a village specializing in pottery was known as a _________.
Explanation: The text lists several specialized villages, defining “Kumbhakaragama: Potters.” Kewattagama was for fishermen, Vadtakigama for carpenters, and Manikaragama for gem miners.
#13. Settlements that were larger than a village but smaller than a city, often coordinating trade, were known by the term _________.
Explanation: The text describes an “Intermediate Settlements” category called “‘Nakara/Nagara’: Between village and city.” ‘Pura’ refers to a large city, ‘Gama’ to a village, and ‘Vapi’ to a tank.
#14. In the early administrative structure of a village, the chief householder or head of the key family unit was known as the _________.
Explanation: The text states that the “Chief Householder” was called the “‘Gahapathi’ (Brahmi inscriptions).” The ‘Gamika’ was the village chief, ‘Raja’ was the king, and ‘Parumaka’ was a title for a chief or prominent person.
#15. The ‘Dasa Gam Eththan,’ a panel of ten chief householders, is mentioned in the Kaludiya Pokuna inscription as being responsible for solving issues like the supply for _________.
Explanation: The text gives a specific example of this panel’s function: “Solved issues: ex. ‘Dane’ (alms giving) supply (Kaludiya Pokuna inscription).” This illustrates their role in community and religious affairs.
#16. Archaeological excavations at Anuradhapura revealed foundations of rural houses with walls made using the _________ technique.
Explanation: The source text describes the findings from “Excavations (Anuradhapura)”: “Walls: Wattle and daub.” This construction method was common for rural dwellings of the period.
#17. The primary method of subsistence for settlements located outside the major river valleys was _________.
Explanation: The text clearly states, “Primary Subsistence – Chena Cultivation: Main method outside river valleys.” Paddy cultivation became more widespread later with the development of large-scale irrigation in river valleys.
#18. Crops grown in chena cultivation, such as Kurakkan, Meneri, and Sesame, were well-suited to the Dry Zone because they were drought resistant and had _________.
Explanation: The text describes the “Crop Characteristics” for chena farming, noting they had “Short Roots: Adapted to dry conditions” and were “Drought Resistant.” Short roots are an adaptation to soils that may not have deep moisture.
#19. The gradual movement of settlements from outside river valleys towards them is exemplified by a study conducted in the _________.
Explanation: The text provides a specific case study to illustrate this settlement shift: “Kirindi Oya Valley Study: Example of this movement from outside to inside.” This archaeological study serves as concrete evidence for the described pattern.
#20. In ancient village administration, the village chief, who was a step above the ‘Gahapathi’ (chief householder), was known as the _________.
Explanation: The text distinguishes between the head of a family unit and the head of the village, identifying the “‘Gamika/Gramika’” as the “Village chief.” This shows a two-tiered local leadership structure.
#21. Villages that were protected by a surrounding fence were known as _________, while those without such protection were called ‘Aparikkita Gam’.
Explanation: The text defines this specific term for a protected village: “‘Parikkitta Gam’: Protected by fence.” This distinction highlights differences in village security and status.
#22. An inscription from 250 BC mentions the title _________, which refers to the main architect of a city (‘Pura’).
Explanation: The text provides the specific title and its meaning: “‘Pura Kamatha’: Main architect (Brahmi inscription, 250 BC).” This indicates that urban planning and construction were specialized professions even in this early period.
#23. A discovery at Walagampaththuwa (Tissamaharamaya) revealed an ancient house from the 3rd Century AD where the floor was dug and covered with _________.
Explanation: The text gives a specific detail from this archaeological find: “Floor: Dug and covered with clay (3rd Century AD).” This provides insight into the interior finishing of rural houses.
#24. According to literary sources, a larger rural village could consist of up to _________, compared to the 5-6 families of a typical small village.
Explanation: The text provides population estimates from two sources, stating that a “Larger village: ~30 families (literary sources).” This gives a sense of the scale of different rural settlements.
