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#1. By 450 BC, social stratification in ancient Sri Lanka became prominent, with chieftains known as _________ controlling surplus production and wielding significant influence.
Explanation: The text explicitly states, “Chieftains, known as ‘Parumakas,’ controlled surplus production” and “wielded significant influence in their communities.” The other terms refer to householders, village chiefs, or royal officials.
#2. To showcase their power and prestige, ancient chieftains engaged in international trade to acquire _________.
Explanation: The source text explains the motivation for trade: “These chieftains sought to showcase their power and prestige through imported luxury items.” Archaeological finds of foreign pottery and beads support this.
#3. Sri Lanka’s _________ in the Indian Ocean was a key factor that made it a major player in ancient maritime trade routes, bringing wealth to the ruling elite.
Explanation: The text highlights the island’s geographical advantage: “Sri Lanka’s strategic location in the Indian Ocean made it a key player in maritime trade routes.”
#4. The influx of wealth and goods from international trade created the need for _________ to manage resources, collect taxes, and maintain order, paving the way for cities.
Explanation: The text links trade to governance: “The influx of wealth and goods created the need for administrative systems… This paved the way for more complex social structures and the emergence of cities.”
#5. The Mahawamsa describes how King _________ meticulously planned and developed Anuradhapura, transforming it into a magnificent capital city.
Explanation: The source text credits a specific king with the city’s urban planning: “The Mahawamsa describes King Pandukabhaya’s efforts. He meticulously planned and developed Anuradhapura.”
#6. Anuradhapura thrived as the island’s capital for over a millennium, sustained by a robust agricultural base, skilled artisans, and advanced _________.
Explanation: The text lists the “Support Factors” for Anuradhapura’s long-lasting success, including “advanced irrigation technology,” which was crucial for agriculture in the dry zone.
#7. Besides Anuradhapura in the north, _________ flourished as a major urban center in the Southern Province, reflecting the region’s cultural and economic achievements.
Explanation: The text identifies the other major early city: “Magama: Reflecting Southern Splendor… flourished as a major urban center” in the “Southern Province.”
#8. After the 6th century AD, the focus of Indian Ocean trade shifted from the Western to the Eastern part of the ocean due to the growing dominance of _________.
Explanation: The text attributes this major economic shift to a specific group: “Arab traders gained dominance in the Indian Ocean… Shifted the focus of trade from the Western to the Eastern part of the ocean.”
#9. In response to the changing trade dynamics, King _________ strategically chose Polonnaruwa as his new capital.
Explanation: The text identifies the king responsible for establishing the new capital: “King: King Vijayabahu I. New Capital: Chose Polonnaruwa as his new capital,” recognizing its strategic importance.
#10. The successors of King Vijayabahu I strengthened ties with Southeast Asian kingdoms through _________, leading to a vibrant exchange of cultural influences.
Explanation: The text explains how diplomacy was conducted in the Polonnaruwa era: “King Vijayabahu I’s successors strengthened ties with Southeast Asian kingdoms through royal marriages.”
#11. The fusion of Sri Lankan and Southeast Asian artistic traditions during the Polonnaruwa era is exemplified by the majestic Gal Viharaya Buddha statues and the intricate design of the _________.
Explanation: The text provides specific architectural examples of this artistic fusion: “The majestic Gal Viharaya Buddha statues. The intricate design of the Polonnaruwa Sathmahal Prasada.”
#12. Early cities like Anuradhapura were planned settlements that boasted defensive structures, religious buildings, parks, and _________.
Explanation: The text lists the key features of these planned urban centers, which included “markets, religious buildings, parks, and defensive structures.” This shows a complex level of urban planning.
